2004 Research Reports

A Framework for Testing Innovative Transportation Solutions: A Case Study of Carlink-A Commuter Carsharing Program. Shaheen, Susan A. and Linda Novick. ITS-Davis. August 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-22.

A Graduate Course Comparing the Major Types of Urban Models. Johnston, Robert A.; Michael J. Clay. ITS-Davis. March 2004. UCD-ITS-RR-04-08.

A Methodology to Assess the Reliability of Hydrogen-based Transportation Energy Systems.  McCarthy, Ryan.  ITS-Davis .  December 2004.  UCD-ITS-RR-04-36.

A Multi-Objective Analysis of Regional Transportation and Land Development Policies. Caroline J. Rodier. ITS-Davis. July 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-25.

A Review of the Representation of Induced Highway Travel in Current Travel and Land-Use Models. Caroline J. Rodier. ITS-Davis. July 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-28.

A Taxonomy of Leisure Activities: The Role of ICT. Mokhtarian, Pat; Salomon, Ilan; Handy, Susan. Transportation Report. April 2004 UCD-ITS-RR-04-44.

A Thermal Model to Evaluate Sub-Freezing Startup for a Direct Hydrogen Hybrid Fuel Cell Vehicle Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Stack and System. Sundaresan, Meena. ITS-Davis. March 2004. UCD-ITS-RR-04-05.

Accelerating Deployment & Commercialization of ITS Technologies: California’s Innovative Corridors Initiative. Finson, Rachel; Susan Shaheen and Cynthia McCormick. 2004 ITS World Congress. Nagoya, Japan, October 18-24. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-19.

An Input-Output Analysis of the Relationships between Communications and Travel for Industry. Lee, Taihyeong; Mokhtarian, Patricia L. ITS-Davis. July 2004. UCD-ITS-RR-04-46.

An Integrated Hydrogen Vision for California. Kammen, Daniel; Lipman, Tim; Ogden, Joan; Sperling, Daniel. A white paper/document prepared with the support from the Steven and Michele Kirsch Foundation.  July 2004. UCD-ITS-RR-04-43.

Analysis of Auto Industry and Consumer Response to Regulations and Technological Change, And Customization of Consumer Response Models in Support of AB 1493 Rulemaking. Sperling, Dan; David Bunch, Andrew Burke, Ethan Abeles, Belinda Chen, Kenneth Kurani and Thomas Turrentine. Prepared for the California Air Resources Board and the California Environmental Protection Agency. June 2004. UCD-ITS-RR-04-17.

Analysis of Consumer Response to Automobile Regulation and Technological Change in Support of California Climate Change Rulemaking. Kurani, Kenneth S.; Tom Turrentine. Prepared for the California Air Resources Board and the California Environmental Protection Agency. June 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-21.

Analysis of Light-Duty Vehicle Price Trends in the U.S.: How Vehicle Priced Changed Relative to Consumers, Compliance Costs and a Baseline Measure for 1975 – 2001. Abeles, Ethan. ITS-Davis. June 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-15.

Applying Integrated ITS Technologies to Parking Management Systems: A Transit-Based Case Study in the San Francisco Bay Area. Shaheen, Susan A.; Caroline Rodier and Amanda Eaken. 2004 ITS World Congress. Nagoya, Japan, October 18-24. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-18.

Automobile Buyer Decisions about Fuel Economy and Fuel Efficiency. Final Report to United States Department of Energy and Energy Foundation. Kurani, Kenneth S. and Thomas Turrentine. ITS-Davis. September 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-31.

California's Hydrogen Highway: The Case for a Clean Energy Science and Technology Initiative. Daniel Sperling. Testimony to Assembly Committee on Air and Water Quality, California Legislature, February 25, 2004. ITS-Davis. February 2004. UCD-ITS-RR-04-03.

California’s Innovative Corridors Initiative: A New Model for Public-Private Partnerships in Transportation. Shaheen, Susan A.; Cynthia McCormick; Rachel Finson. ITS-Davis. August 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-24.

Carlink II: A Commuter Carsharing Pilot Program Final Report. Shaheen, Susan; Kamill Wipyewski, Caroline Rodier, Linda Novick, Molly Anne Meyn, John Wright. ITS-Davis. August 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-30.

Case Study of Light-Duty Diesel Vehicles in Europe. Chen, Belinda and Dan Sperling. Prepared for the California Air Resources Board and the California Environmental Protection Agency. June 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-14.

Chinese Rural Vehicles: An Explanatory Analysis of Technology, Economics, Industrial Organization, Energy Use, Emissions, and Policy. Sperling, Dan; Zhenhong Lin; Peter Hamilton. ITS-Davis. January 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-01.

Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Lifecycle Analyses of Transportation Fuels. Delucchi, Mark. ITS-Davis. October 2004. UCD-ITS-RR-04-45.

Conceptual Design of Optimized Fossil Energy Systems with Capture and Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide. Ogden, Joan. Report to the United States Department of Energy. September 30, 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-34.

Data and Measurement Issues in Transportation, With Telecommuting as a Case Study. Mokhtarian, Patricia L.; Ilan Salomon and Sangho Choo. ITS-Davis. August 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-29.

Design Considerations for a PEM Fuel Cell Powered Truck APU. Grupp, David; Matthew Forrest, Pippin Mader, C.J. Brodrick, Marshall Miller and Harry Dwyer. ITS-Davis. July 2004. UCD-ITS-RR-04-16.

Effect of Emissions Regulation on Vehicle Attributes, Cost, and Price. Sperling, Dan; Chen, Belinda; and Abeles, Ethan. ITS-Davis. October 2004. UCD-ITS-RR-04-38.

Feasible Café Standard Increases Using Emerging Diesel and Hybrid-Electric Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles in the United States. Burke, Andrew and Ethan Abeles. Presented at the 15 th Global Warming International Conference. April 22, 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-09.

Hearing on the Use of Hydrogen Fuel Cell Technology in the National Park Service. Eggert, Anthony. Testimony Before the Sub-Committee on National Parks, Recreation and Public Lands, United States House of Representatives, May 15, 2004. ITS-Davis. May 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-12.

Hydrogen Delivery Model For H2A Analysis: A Spreadsheet Model For Hydrogen Delivery Scenarios. Ogden, Joan. Report to the United States Department of Energy. May 15, 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-33.

Hydrogen Station Siting and Refueling Analysis Using Geographic Information Systems: A Case Study of Sacramento County. Nicholas, Michael. Masters Thesis, ITS-Davis. December 2004. UCD-ITS-RR-04-37

Improvement of Thermal Stability of Li-Ion Batteries by Polymer Coating of LiMn 2o 4. Stroeve, Pieter and Ruxandra Vidu. ITS-Davis. May 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-11.

Improving Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) District Connectivity and Access with the Segway Human Transporter and Other Low-Speed Mobility Devices. Shaheen, Susan A.; Caroline J. Rodier; Amanda M. Eaken. ITS-Davis. August 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-26.

Modeling the Individual Consideration of Travel-Related Strategy Bundles. Sangho Choo; Mokhtarian. ITS-Davis. April 2004. UCD-ITS-RR-04-07.

Motor-Vehicle Goods and Services Priced in the Private Sector. M. A. Delucchi. Report #5  in the series: The Annualized Social Cost of Motor-Vehicle Use in the  United States, based on 1990-1991 Data , UCD-ITS-RR-96-3 (5), Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, October (2004).

Motor-Vehicle Infrastructure and Services Provided by the Public Sector. M. A. Delucchi with J. Murphy. Report #7 in the series: The Annualized Social Cost of Motor-Vehicle Use in the United States, based on 1990-1991 Data , UCD-ITS-RR-96-3 (7) rev. 1, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, October (2004). *This version contains minor revisions.

Performance of Drained and Undrained Flexible Pavement Structures Under Wet Conditions Test Data From Accelerated Pavement Test Section 543-Drained. Harvey, John; Manuel O. Bejarano; Abdikarim Ali; Mark Russo; David Mahama; Dave Hung; Pitipat Preedonant. ITS-Davis. April 2004. UCD-ITS-RR-04-06.

Personal Nonmonetary Costs of Motor-Vehicle Use. M. A. Delucchi. ITS-Davis, Report #4  in the series: The Annualized Social Cost of Motor-Vehicle Use in the  United States, based on 1990-1991 Data. October 2004 UCD-ITS-RR-96-3 (4) rev. 1. *Revisions to sections on accident costs and congestion costs.

Present Status and Marketing Prospects of the Emerging Hybrid-Electric and Diesel Technologies to Reduce CO2 Emissions of New Light-Duty Vehicles in California. Burke, Andrew. ITS-Davis. June 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-02.

References and Bibliography. M. A. Delucchi.  Report #21 in the series:  The Annualized Social Cost of Motor-Vehicle Use in the  United States, based on 1990-1991 Data , UCD-ITS-RR-96-3 (21), Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis," October (2004).

Some Conceptual and Methodological Issues in the Analysis of the Social Cost of Motor-Vehicle Use . M. A. Delucchi. Report #2  in the series: The Annualized Social Cost of Motor-Vehicle Use in the  United States, based on 1990-1991 Data , UCD-ITS-RR-96-3 (2), Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis,  October (2004). *This report contains a collection of relatively brief and generally not-in-depth discussion of conceptual and methodological issues that arise in the analysis of social costs. Most of the issues are discussed in other reports dealing with the particular costs to which the issues pertain. Furthermore, not all conceptual and methodological issues that arise in the social-cost analysis are included here.

Summary of the Nonmonetary Exernalities of Motor-Vehicle Use. M. A. Delucchi. Report #9  in the series: The Annualized Social Cost of Motor-Vehicle Use in the  United States, based on 1990-1991 Data , UCD-ITS-RR-96-3  (9) rev. 1, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis,  October (2004). *Major revisions to estimation of costs of greenhouse-gas emissions.

Tax Expenditures Related to the Production and Consumption of Motor Fuels and Motor Vehicles. M. A. Delucchi and J. Murphy. Report #18  in the series: The Annualized Social Cost of Motor-Vehicle Use in the  United States, based on 1990-1991 Data , UCD-ITS-RR-96-3 (18), Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, October (2004).

The Ability of Automakers to Introduce a Costly, Regulated New Technology: A Case Study of Automotive Airbags in the U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle Market with Implications for Future Automobile and Light Truck Regulation. Abeles, Ethan C. ITS-Davis. June 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-13.

The Annualized Social Cost of Motor-Vehicle Use in the U. S., 1990-1991: Summary of Theory, Data, Methods, and Results. M. A. Delucchi. Report #1  in the series: The Annualized Social Cost of Motor-Vehicle Use in the  United States, based on 1990-1991 Data , UCD-ITS-RR-96-3  (1) rev.1, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis, October (2004). *This version contains minor revisions to summary tables.

The Contribution of Motor Vehicle and Other Sources to Ambient Air Pollution. M. A. Delucchi and D. McCubbin. Report #16  in the series: The Annualized Social Cost of Motor-Vehicle Use in the  United States, based on 1990-1991 Data , UCD-ITS-RR-96-3 (16) rev. 2, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis,  October (2004). *Major general updating of review and analysis of emission factors.

The External Damage Cost of Noise Emitted from Motor Vehicles. M. A. Delucchi and S. L. Hsu. ITS-Davis, Report #14  in the series: The Annualized Social Cost of Motor-Vehicle Use in the  United States, based on 1990-1991 Data. October 2004. UCD-ITS-RR-96-3 (14) rev. 1. *Minor revisions made in 1998 coinciding with publication of a journal article in Journal of Transportation and Statistics 1: 1-24 (1998). Web version published 2004. The original data appendix (Report #14A) is listed under the year 1996.

The Price of Regulation. Sperling, Dan; Abeles, Ethan; Bunch, David; Burke, Andy; Chen, Belinda; Kurani, Ken; Turrentine, Tom. Access Magazine. Fall 2004. UCD-ITS-RR-04-32

The Response of the Auto Industry and Consumers to Changes in the Exhaust Emission and Fuel Economy Standards (1975-2003): A Historical Review of Changes in Technology, Prices and Sales of Various Classes of Vehicles. Burke, Andrew, Ethan Abeles and Belinda Chen. ITS-Davis. June 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-04.

Transit-Based Smart Parking in the San Francisco Bay Area: An Assessment of User Demand and Behavioral Effects. Rodier, Caroline J.; Susan A. Shaheen; Amanda M. Eaken. ITS-Davis. July 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-27.

Travel Effects of a Suburban Commuter-Carsharing Service: A Carlink Case Study. Shaheen, Susan A. and Caroline J. Rodier. ITS-Davis. July 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-23.

U. S. Military Expenditures to Protect the Use of Persian Gulf Oil for Motor Vehicles . M. A. Delucchi and J. Murphy. Report #15  in the series: The Annualized Social Cost of Motor-Vehicle Use in the  United States, based on 1990-1991 Data , UCD-ITS-RR-96-3 (15) rev. 1, Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Davis,  October (2004). *Revised to include defense expenditures related to wars in the Middle East.

Using Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Costs to Estimate Hydrogen Pipeline Costs.  Parker, Nathan.  ITS-Davis.  December 2004.  UCD-ITS-RR-04-35.

What Will Power the Hydrogen Economy? Present and Future Sources of Hydrogen Energy. Lipman, Timothy E. Prepared for the Natural Resources Defense Council. July 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-10.

Who Likes Traveling? Models of the Individual’s Affinity for Various Kinds of Travel. Ory, David and Patricia L. Mohktarian. ITS-Davis. July 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RR-04-20.

2004 Reprints

A New Gridding Method for Zonal Travel Activity and Emissions Using Bicubic Spline Interpolation. Zhang, Michael H.; Debbie Niemeier, Yi Zheng and Bo Wang. Transportation Research Part B. July 2004. UCD-ITS-RP-04-27.

A Simplified Integrated Model for Studying Transitions to a Hydrogen Economy. Yang, Christopher; Ogden, Joan. Proceedings of the 15th Annual NHA Hydrogen Conference. April 26-29, 2004. UCD-ITS-RP-04-45.

Air Quality. Niemeier, Debbie A.; Britt A. Holmen. In Handbook of Transport and the Environment. Handbook Vol. 4., Chapter 4. January 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RP-04-3.

Amenity and Severance. Handy, Susan. In Handbook of Transport and the Environment. Handbook Vol. 4., Chapter 7. January 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RP-04-4.

Analysis and Prediction of in-Cylinder NOx Emissions for Lean Burn CNG/H2 Transit Bus Engines. Dwyer, Harry A.; McCaffrey, Zach; Miller, Marshall. SAE International. June 2004. UCD-ITS-RP-04-44. *Available on SAE International website (www.sae.org) under SAE Technical Papers: Document Number 2004-01-1994.

Assessing Impact of Urban Form Measures on Nonwork Trip Mode Choice After Controlling for Demographic and Level-of-Service Effects. Rajamani, Jayanthi; Chandra R. Bhat; Susan Handy; Gerritt Knapp; Yan Song. Journal of the Transportation Research Board. No. 1831:Travel Demand and Land Use 2003. January 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RP-04-01.

California’s Zero-Emission Vehicle Mandate: Linking Clean-Fuel Cars, Carsharing and Station Car Strategies. Susan Shaheen; Wright, John; Sperling, Dan. Transportation Research Record 1791. March 2004. UCD-ITS-RP-04-14.

Carsharing and Partnership Management: An International Perspective. Susan Shaheen; Sperling, Dan; Wagner, Conrad. Transportation Research Record 1666. UCD-ITS-RP-04-17.

Cleaner Vehicles. Sperling, Daniel. In Handbook of Transport and the Environment. Handbook Vol. 4. Chapter 10. January 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RP-04-5.

Commuter-Based Carsharing: Market Niche Potential. Susan Shaheen. Transportation Research Record1760. March 2004. UCD-ITS-RP-04-12.

Composite Exhaust Emissions Rates: Sensitivity to Vehicle Population and Mileage Accural Assumptions. Niemeier, Debbie; Tom Kear. Journal of the Transportation Research Board. No. 1842: Energy, Air Quality and Fuels; Energy and the Environment. Transportation Research Board. January 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RP-04-8.

Effect of Vehicle Operation, Weight, and Accessory Use on Emmissions from a Modern Heavy -Duty Diesel Truck . Brodrick, Christie-Joy; Burke, Andrew; Deaton, Michael; Farshchi, Mohammad ; Laca, Emilio; and Lit, Ling. Transportation Research Record. December 2004. UCD-ITS-RP-04-40 .

Environmental Externalities of Motor Vehicle Use. Delucchi, Mark A. In Handbook of Transport and the Environment. Handbook Vol. 4., Chapter 23. January 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RP-04-7.

Enthalpy of formation of LiNiO 2, LiCoO 2 and their solid solution, LiNi 1-x Co xO 2. Navrotsky, Alexandra and Miaojun Wang. Solid State Ionics. July 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RP-04-31.

Fuel Cell System Economics: Comparing The Costs of Generating Power with Stationary and Motor Vehicle PEM Fuel Cell Systems. Lipman. Timothy; Jennifer L. Edwards and Daniel Kammen. Energy Policy. April 2004. UCD-ITS-RP-04-21.

Heavy-Duty Truck Idling Characteristics. Brodrick, Christine-Joy; Lutsey, Nicholoas; Oglesby, Carollyn; Sperling, Daniel.  Transportation Research Record. December 2004. UCD-ITS-RP-04-38.

Inferring Origin-Destination Trip Matrices with a Decoupled GLS Path Flow Estimator.  Nie, Yu.  Recker, W.W., Zhang, H.M.  ITS-Davis and ITS-Irvine.  July 2004.  UCD-ITS-RP-04-25.

Influence of Powder Precursors on Reaction Sintering of Al 2TiO 5. Groza, Joanna R.; Lia Stanciu; Ligia Stoica; Carmen Plapcianu. Scripta Materialia. April 2004. UCD-ITS-RP-04-22.

Intelligent Transportation Systems. Shaheen, Susan; Rachel Finson. Encyclopedia of Energy, Volume3. May 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RP-04-24. Available at www.elsevier.com

Intelligent Transportation Technology Elements and Operational Methodologies for Shared-Use Vehicle Systems. Matthew Barth; Todd, Michael; Shaheen, Susan. Transportation Research Record 1841. March 2004. UCD-ITS-RP-04-15.

Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier: Outlook for 2010, 2030, and 2050. Ogden, Joan. Pew Center on Global Climate Change and the National Commission on Energy Policy. March 2004. UCD-ITS-RP-04-24

Markets for Fuel-Cell Auxiliary Power Units in Vehicles. Nicholas Lutsey; Brodrick, Christie-Joy; Sperling, Dan and Dwyer, Harry. Journal of the Transportation Research Board. No. 1842: Energy, Air Quality and Fuels; Energy and the Environment. Transportation Research Board. January 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RP-04-9.

Measurement of PM2.5 Emission Potential from Soil Using the UC Davis Resuspension Test Chamber. Ashbaugh, Lowell L.; Omar F. Cavacho, Michael S. Brown and Robert G. Flocchini. Geomorphology. July 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RP-04-25.

Modeling Particulate Matter in the San Joaquin Valley with a Source-Oriented Externally Mixed Three-Dimensional Photochemical Grid Model. Kleeman, Michael; Tony Held, Qi Ying and Ajith Kaduwela. Atmospheric Environment. July 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RP-04-28.

Motor Vehicle Use, Social Costs of. Delucchi, Mark. Encyclopedia of Energy, Volume 4. April 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RP-04-23.

Policy Considerations For Carsharing and Station Cars. Shaheen, Susan; Schwartz, Andrew; Wipywski, Kamill. Transportation Research Record. December 2004. UCD-ITS-RP-04-43.

Reducing Road Congestion: A Reality Check-A Comment. Mokhtarian, Patricia L. Transport Policy. July 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RP-04-29.

Shared-Use Vehicle Systems: Framework for Classifying Carsharing, Station Cars, and Combined Approaches. Matthew Barth; Shaheen, Susan. Transportation Research Record 1791. March 2004. UCD-ITS-RP-04-13.

Short-Term Versus Long-Term Coalitions in the Policy Process: Automotive Pollution Control, 1963-1989. Zafonte, Matthew; Paul Sabatier. The Policy Studies Journal. March 2004. UCD-ITS-RP-04-18.

Streamlining the National Environmental Policy Act Process Through Cooperative Local-State-Federal Transportation and Land Use Planning. Fell, Michael; Johnston, Robert A.; Kirn, Marjorie; McCoy, Mike. Transportation Research Record. December 2004. UCD-ITS-RP-04-41

Sustainable Development Planning Tools: Suite of Models Useful in Large MetropolitanRegions. Johnston, Robert A. and Gordon Garry. Journal of the Transportation Research Board. No. 1848: Transportation Management and Public Policy 2003. February 2004 . UCD-ITS-RP-04-10.

The Health Effects of Motor Vehicle-Related Air Pollution. Delucchi, Mark A; Donald R. McCubbin. In Handbook of Transport and the Environment. Handbook Vol. 4., Chapter 22. January 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RP-04-6.

The Hope For Hydrogen. Sperling, Dan and Joan Ogden. Issues in Science and Technology. April 2004. UCD-ITS-RP-04-19.

Transportation Control Measures. Eisinger, Douglas; Niemeier, D.A.  Transportation Research Record. December 2004. UCD-ITS-RP-04-39.

UCD 2001: An improved Model to Simulate Pollutant Dispersion from Roadways. Niemeier, Debbie; Tony Held and Daniel P.Y. Chang. Atmospheric Environment. July 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RP-04-26.

UCDrive: A New Gridded Mobile Source Emission Inventory Model. Niemeier, Debbie A.; Yi Zheng and Tom Kear. Journal of Atmospheric Environment. April 2004. UCD-ITS-RP-04-20.

UPlan: A Versatile Urban Growth Model for Transportation Planning. Johnston, Robert A.; David R. Shabazian; Shengyi Gao. Journal of the Transportation Research Board. No. 1831: Travel Demand and Land Use 2003. January 2004 Publication No. UCD-ITS-RP-04-02.

U.S. Shared-Use Vehicle Survey Findings on Carsharing and Station Car Growth: Obstacles and Opportunities. Susan Shaheen; Meyn, Mollyanne; Wipyewski, Kamill. Transportation Research Record 1841. UCD-ITS-RP-04-16.

Using Geographic Information Systemsto Evaluate Siting and Networks of Hydrogen Stations. Handy, Susan; Nicholas, Michael; Sperling, Daniel. Transportation Research Record.  December 2004.  UCD-ITS-RR-04-42.

What Type of Vehicle Do People Drive? The Role of Attitude and Lifestyle in Influencing Vehicle Type Choice. Mokhtarian, Patricia L. and Sangho Choo. Transportation Research Part A. July 2004. Publication No. UCD-ITS-RP-04-30.