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CARLINK
II OFF TO A SUCCESSFUL START: Radical Changes in Commute
Mark Erickson thinks it’s a
great deal. As one of the first to sign up for CarLink II, the 37-year old
engineer from Palo Alto pays $300 a month for the use of a brand new Honda Civic
— and that includes insurance, free fill-ups and a GPS navigation system. Erickson recently signed on to
CarLink II, the second ITS-Davis partnership to design and deploy an innovative
research pilot program to test the utility and viability of commuter carsharing.
Every weekday, he drives the car from his home to the Palo Alto Caltrain
station, where he boards the train to work. Shortly thereafter, another driver
picks up the car and takes it to work in the Palo Alto region. During the day,
other drivers may use the car as needed. The car returns to the Palo Alto
California Avenue train station at day’s end, ready for Erickson to drive home
after work. Erickson, who also has the car
at home on the weekend, is thrilled. “It’s just like having your own family
car,” he told the San Jose Mercury News.
CarLink II, a partnership
between ITS-Davis, American Honda Motor Co., Partners for Advanced Transit and
Highways (PATH), Caltrans and Caltrain, brings together the commuting efficiency
of public transit with the convenience and flexibility of automobile ownership,
explains Susan Shaheen, CarLink II program director and a co-director of the
ITS-Davis New Mobility Center. “Obstacles for commuters to
use transit include availability, accessibility or the lack of flexibility when
a car is needed on demand,” she said at the public launch of CarLink II on
August 23. “CarLink II addresses this with reserved parking at the train
station and at office parks where the vehicles are also available during the day
for meetings and personal use.” Shaheen is considered a world leader in
designing and evaluating shared vehicle systems in different transportation
demand environments. The CarLink II study builds
upon the research of the CarLink I longitudinal market survey and field test (Shaheen,
1999; Shaheen et al., 2000). In addition to investigating the perceptions and attitudes of
carsharing participants, CarLink II examines the updated CarLink model and
increases attention to cost issues (e.g., users’ willingness-to-pay and
perceived value of various CarLink features) and commercial potential.
An important component of
CarLink II is its testing of state-of-the-art smart carsharing technologies. To
keep tabs on the cars with multiple employers and employees participating, Honda
Motor Company developed the CarLink II technology, which seamlessly integrates
vehicle tracking, data collection (trip start/stop
time, odometer reading, and fuel consumption), and Internet-based
reservations. Users access the vehicles with a contact-free key fob. The CarLink
II in-vehicle technology recognizes participants by the key fob and requires a
corresponding PIN to start the ignition. Each vehicle contains global
positioning and wireless communication systems, allowing the CarLink management
team to monitor vehicle position real time and track vehicle usage. The vehicles
are also equipped with in-vehicle navigation systems that provide drivers with
directions to specified destinations. Day Users reserve vehicles during daytime
hours through a secure on-line reservations page at www.gocarlink.com.
The potential of these technologies to enhance service capabilities and reduce
program costs is central to the CarLink II program evaluation and to realizing
the economic sustainability of this carsharing model. This research will provide
valuable information to aid in the design of future carsharing systems, help
refine and transition the CarLink II pilot project to a permanent enterprise,
document lessons learned, and assess societal/environmental benefits. The pilot
program will continue until June 2002 and includes a continuation strategy to
expand to an ongoing commuter carsharing service in outlying areas. Current CarLink II
participating companies include Adobe Systems, SAP, Motorola and Genencor.
CITY CARS COMING TO
DAVIS: Nissan and
Others to Help Extend ITS-Davis’ Historic Electric-Drive Vehicle Market
Research
Davis is known for having the highest per capita
concentration of bicycles in the country. Soon, it will also be known for having
the highest concentration of city electric vehicles in the U.S.
After months of planning, it is only a matter of weeks
before 15 Nissan Hypermini city EVs arrive on the UC Davis campus for a new
demonstration and research initiative that will test market response to the
cars. The project, under the direction of ITS-Davis researchers Ken Kurani and
Tom Turrentine, will begin later this month.
There are two primary objectives of this project:
UC Davis employees will drive the cars. They will keep diaries to record their
experiences and impressions of the cars’ physical attributes, performance,
usefulness, and charging convenience, as well as their perceptions of safety.
A unique portion of the research focuses not on the
drivers, but on the general public’s reaction to seeing the cars around town,
explains Kurani. “Listening to the conversations the vehicles prompt is an
important goal of this work. What do people say about the vehicles, do they
imagine they would want such a vehicle? What do they imagine such vehicles do to
their own travel, their town, and their world?” This project complements
Kurani and Turrentine’s ongoing clean vehicle social marketing research,
Kurani adds.
Nissan is providing the 15 vehicles, plus the vast majority
of the research funding. Other
sponsors include: McWick Technology Foundation, the Yolo-Solano Air Quality
Management District and UC Davis Transportation and Parking Services.
The next issue of ITS-Davis e-news will feature news on the program's
launch.
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| GREENHOUSE
GAS SCENARIOS: Reports Outline Options for Transportation in
ITS-Davis Director Dan
Sperling is co-authoring a series of five reports on opportunities to curb
growth of transport-sector emissions in developing countries. The first two
reports were released in July at a follow-up meeting on the Kyoto Protocol in
Bonn, Germany.
Funded by the Pew
Center on Global Climate Change, the reports find that transport-related
greenhouse gas emissions could quadruple in Delhi, India and increase sevenfold
in Shanghai, China by 2020. At the same time, the reports offer hope; policies
that promote cleaner technologies, public transit and other transportation
alternatives could cut the projected emission increases by as much as half.
Controlling greenhouse
gases from the transport sector is difficult, says Sperling, because transport
demand is closely linked to economic and social activity. “Any strategies and
policies to reduce GHG emissions must do so in the context of broader economic,
social, and environmental priorities, while being sensitive to the local
cultural perspectives. That’s a tall order,” he explains.
Eileen Claussen,
president of the Pew Center, notes that one of the challenges in dealing with
climate change is helping developing nations forge cleaner, sustainable paths to
development. “These reports identify ways that fast-growing cities like Delhi
and Shanghai can meet the demand for high-quality transportation while easing
congestion, improving air quality, and protecting the global climate,” she
said.
A few key findings of
the Delhi Report:
Sperling
worked with a team of experts on both reports, with co-author Ranjan Bose of the
Tata Energy Research Institute in New Delhi, on the Delhi report, and Hongchang
Zhou, a visiting scholar at ITS-Davis from Tongji University in Shanghai (and
who is now at UC Riverside), as co-author on the Shanghai report. Other
participants include: ITS-Davis Researcher Mark A. Delucchi, ITS-Davis graduate
students Lorien Redmond and Deborah Salon; and Lee Schipper of the International
Energy Agency, Paris.
Case
studies of Chile and South Africa, and an overview report, will be released
early next year. The Delhi and Shanghai
reports are available from the Pew Center through the ITS-Davis Publications
Office. See the Publications List below.
OUR AIR QUALITY
FUTURE: New Model
Helps Researchers Identify How Different Pollutants Interact
Michael Kleeman, assistant professor of Civil and Environmental
Engineering, smiles proudly at the rows and stacks of more than 200 computers
humming away in a laboratory on the UC Davis campus. Although he wasn’t the
first on campus to network multiple computers to do the work of a far more
expensive supercomputer — he’s the second to do so — his “Beowulf”
system is the campus’ largest computer cluster. Simulated visibility
results: San Gabriel mountains of the South Coast air quality basin (Los
Angeles) from seven km for a clear day, polluted day, and polluted day
with emissions controls
“The system has been very reliable and productive since we put it together in
the fall of 1999,” he says, adding that even though he has no formal computer
science education, he learned how to construct such computer systems while doing
his Ph.D. research in Environmental Engineering Science at the California
Institute of Technology.
As proud as he is of his computer system, he says the multidisciplinary
approach to air quality research is the most rewarding aspect of his work. “In
order to better understand air quality problems we’ve adopted an integrated
approach. We design experiments to measure what gets released to the atmosphere
from different sources and what is in the air that we actually breathe. We then
build a mathematical model that describes how pollutants are transported and
evolve in the atmosphere in an urban area. Finally, we design and construct the
computer system that runs the mathematical model so that we can pull everything
together into a coherent picture. It’s a diverse array of activities and
tools, designed to solve one problem.”
Kleeman’s research focuses on atmospheric chemistry and phase-transfer
processes – how tiny solid or liquid airborne particles form and evolve in the
atmosphere under different conditions. If scientists can better understand and
model these complex processes, they can better manage the impact that air
pollution has on human health and visibility. In fact, research of this type
could eventually help explain some of the relationships between human activity
and climate change.
His high-resolution air quality model is currently being used to
determine how different emissions sources contribute to air pollution in the
greater Los Angeles area. The model tracks the pollutants that lead to the
formation of photochemical “smog,” including precursor gases, ozone, and
airborne particles. What makes this model unique is its ability to follow the
evolution of pollutants released by individual sources as they undergo physical
and chemical transformation in the atmosphere. Other models typically blend all
of the pollutants at the source.
The primary findings of his research to date involve the relationship between
secondary formation processes and background marine particles that are blown
into the Los Angeles area. For example, Kleeman’s research has shown that the
most severe pollution episodes for airborne particles with diameter less than
2.5 microns (PM2.5) actually are caused by the formation of secondary
particulate matter on background marine particles. These insights help
scientists and regulators to design emissions control programs that are targeted
at the sources that are responsible for the air quality problem.
“The model has given us valuable insight into how air pollution works
in LA. It is helping us to identify new sources that contribute to air
pollution, and it allows us to answer the what-ifs,” says Kleeman. “What if
we experience a period of rising temperatures due to climate change? Or what if
different regulations are put in place that will reduce emissions from certain
sources?” he posits.
Now that the model has been tested, Kleeman plans to apply it to central
California to help identify the sources that contribute to poor air quality in
the San Joaquin Valley. Kleeman’s research has been funded by the California
Air Resources Board and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
EXPLORING THE OPTIONS:
Meeting the ZEV Mandate with Grid-Connected Hybrids and
City Cars
More than 80 attendees representing government, automakers, components
suppliers and utilities filled the conference room at the UC Davis Buehler
Alumni & Visitors Center in May for “Meeting the New CARB ZEV Mandate
Requirements: Grid-Connected Hybrids and City EVs,” a two-day Affiliate
Program workshop organized by ITS-Davis Research Engineer Andrew Burke.
“Now that the California Air Resources Board has affirmed its
Zero-Emission Vehicle mandate, the industry emphasis has shifted focus from the
regulatory process itself, to meeting the regulatory requirements,” explained
Burke. “And there is still a lot of gray area about how automakers can comply
with these kinds of vehicles. It’s important to discuss all the options.”
Two options for meeting the mandate outside of producing full function
electric vehicles or super-ultra-low-emission vehicles that qualify for partial
ZEV credit, are grid-connected hybrids and city EVs. Grid-connected hybrids are
battery-dominant hybrid-electric gasoline cars that plug in to the electricity
grid to recharge. Unlike the gasoline-dominant hybrid cars available now,
grid-connected vehicles would have some zero-emission all-electric range. City
EVs are small electric vehicles such as the Toyota e-com, Nissan Hypermini, or
Ford Th!nk City. With top speeds of around 55 mph, these cars are designed for
around town and short commute travel.
The workshop included presentations from CARB specifically addressing the
recent regulatory changes that impact grid-connected hybrids and city cars, as
well as presentations by automakers, battery manufacturers, and federal
regulators. Plug-in hybrid topics included vehicle design options with an
emphasis on cost and performance, batteries and marketing issues. On the City EV
side, topics included use, cost and availability, battery and marketing issues.
Several ITS-Davis faculty and researchers presented in their areas of
expertise. Dr. Burke spoke about his research on the use of ultracapacitors with
batteries, which, he said, could provide double the usable energy and at least
double the available power in a grid-connected vehicle.
ITS-Davis researcher Ken Kurani shared his insights on marketing city
cars in small communities such as Davis and San Luis Obispo, where there is a
high level of environmental awareness.
Susan Shaheen, co-chair of the ITS-Davis New Mobility Center, told
attendees about her program’s plan to launch the CarLink II carsharing
demonstration (as described above under New Initiatives.) She discussed how
manufacturers may use the ZEV mandate’s shared vehicle provision to gain
multiple ZEV credits. The workshop closed with a spirited panel discussion that covered the
breadth of topics discussed over the previous two days. All attendees have
received a full set of the presentations. Non-attendees may order a set from
ITS-Davis publications for $15. See the listing below.
PUBLICATIONS FROM ITS-DAVIS:
Hot off the Presses
Contents
Issue 6
September 2001
Developing Countries
New Initiatives

Dr. Susan Shaheen, Carlink II program manager and co-director, ITS-Davis New
Mobility Center

Carlink II users (L to R) Mark Hadjimehdi, Gayle Lillard and Tanya Mirosnkoff,
all of SAP Labs, Inc.

Carlink II program team members (L to R): Molly Anne Meyn (PATH), John Wright
(PATH), Cliff Loveland (Caltrans), Pat Conroy (PATH), Susan Shaheen (Program
Manager, Carlink II), Rebecca Pearson (PATH); Bob Justice (Caltrans); Linda
Novick (Operations Manager, ITS-Davis), Robert Bienenfeld (American Honda),
Robert Uyeki (Honda R&D Americas), Betsy Morris (PATH), Barbara Bower
(ITS-Davis) and Dimitri Loukakos (PATH)

Fifteen Nissan
Hyperminis will aid ITS-Davis market research
![]()
Research Results
Developing Countries

Dan Sperling discusses the relationship between car driving and per capita income in Bonn, Germany
(Photograph courtesy IISD / Leila Mead, Photographer)




Just part of
UC Davis' largest computer cluster that supports Michael Kleeman's air quality
research

Workshop attendees enjoy informal discussions during lunch
Transportation in Developing Countries:
Greenhouse Gas Scenarios for Delhi, India, Bose, Ranjan, K.S. Nesamani, G.
Tiwari, D. Sperling, M. Delucchi, L. Redmond, L. Schipper, Prepared for the Pew
Center on Global Climate Change, May 2001, pp. 43, ITS-Davis Pub #RP-01-13
(available through Pew Center)
ITS-Davis publications: fax, e-mail or mail.
Ordering information: www.its.ucdavis.edu/publications
E-mail: itspublications@ucdavis.edu
Fax: 530-752-6572
Mail: Attn: Publications Desk, Institute of
Transportation Studies, UC Davis,
One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8762
A List of Fuel Cell Vehicle Modeling Program Papers
http://fcv.ucdavis.edu/fcvprog/FCVMP_Publications_rev1.html
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| Education Highlights |
The
following graduated from the ITS-Davis graduate group in Transportation
Technology and Policy:
C.J. Brodrick, Ph.D.
Advisor: Harry Dwyer
Thesis: Effects of Real-World Activities and Loads on Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicle
Emissions
Post-graduate: Post-doctoral research at ITS-Davis on diesel emissions and fuel
cells for trucks
Richard Counts, M.S.
Advisor: Sy Schwartz
Thesis: The development of the Fuel Cell Vehicle Market with an integrated
policy for the reduction of vehicle sources of greenhouse gases and critical
pollutants
Post-graduate: Joining the Peace Corps and heading to Honduras
Joshua Cunningham, M.S.
Advisor: Bob Moore
Thesis: Air System Management for Fuel Cell Vehicle Applications
Post-graduate: Continuing on at UC Davis with a one-year appointment in the Fuel
Cell Vehicle Modeling Program
David Dick, M.S.
Advisor: Dan Sperling
Exam
Post-graduate: Starting a three-month internship with the Metropolitan
Transportation Commission (MTC) in Oakland
Karl-Heinz Hauer, Ph.D.
Advisor: Bob Moore
Thesis: Analysis Tool for Fuel Cell Vehicle Hardware and Software (Controls)
with an Application to Fuel Economy Comparisons of Alternative Systems Designs
Post-graduate: Returning to West Germany to start up a new company with
venture capital from Volkswagen AG
Civil Engineering graduates in the field of transportation include:
Advisor: Riyuichi Kitamura
Thesis: An Exploration of Activity Scheduling and Rescheduling Processes.
Thirayoot Limanond, Ph.D.
Advisor: Deb Niemeier
Thesis: Effects of Household Structure, Neighborhood Setting, and
Intra-Neighborhood Location on Shopping Travel Decisions of Residents in
Traditional Neighborhoods: a case study of three neighborhoods in Puget Sound,
WA.
Jie Lin, M.S.
Advisor: Deb Niemeier
Thesis: New development of regional driving cycles using Markov process theory
Post-graduate: Ph.D. candidate at UC Davis and consultant for DKS Associates
In the Ecology program, the following transportation student graduated:
Erin Foresman, M.S.
Advisor: Deb Niemeier
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FCV PROGRAM CAPTIVATES ATTENDEES OF JULY TECHNICAL CONFERENCE AND WORKSHOP
![]() Dr. Robert Moore addresses conference attendees |
Fuel cell technology advances and policy directions took center stage the
week of July 17-20 as the ITS-Davis Fuel Cell Vehicle Modeling Program hosted
two back-to-back events along with a dinner honoring Dr. Geoffrey Ballard.
Approximately 60 people attended each program, although the makeup of each was quite different; the Fuel Cell Vehicle Modeling Workshop July 17-18 drew technical experts while the Fuel Cell Vehicle Technical Conference July 19-20 drew high-level policymakers.
Presentations at the Modeling Workshop included a report on the UC Davis fuel cell vehicle and fuel simulation and analysis effort. Breakout sessions examined three fuel scenarios: direct hydrogen, indirect methanol and indirect hydrocarbon (gasoline).
Attendees at the Technical Conference heard summaries of the preceding Modeling Workshop. The focus of this gathering was to identify and discuss implications for technologies needed to realize a fully integrated vehicle and fueling system. Attendees examined the “big picture” issues facing FCV commercialization including policy, transitions, public acceptance, and infrastructure.
Between the two events, ITS-Davis hosted a special dinner honoring Geoffrey Ballard. FCVMP Director Bob Moore began the ceremony by explaining Ballard's role as a founding member of the ITS-Davis Board. Moore added that Ballard and his company have contributed much to the FCV program by donating an early Ballard fuel cell stack to the school's lab and by serving as a FCV GATE Center advisor, a mentor to students, and an advisor on FCVMP issues
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![]() Geoffrey Ballard and Dan Sperling at the dinner honoring Dr. Ballard |
In his prepared remarks, Ballard explained why he thought his company has been successful in introducing a new technology to a very established
and conservative industry that has traditionally opposed change.
He explained that he chose the more radical of two possible paths, an all
out assault on fossil fuel combustion in the air, because the technology was
timely and conformed to recognized principles and accepted standards of society.
Society was ready for a change, he noted, a change in the way the world thinks
about power. Ballard chose to tackle the power industry on all fronts,
“Stationary, portable, transportation, space; to introduce distributive power
as a viable alternative to the power grid and centralized production.
“We are practitioners at the dawn of a new energy age, the age of hydrogen,” he said, adding, “I think it is now apparent that even if Ballard the company is not successful economically in the long run, Ballard, by putting a fuel cell vehicle on the road, has changed the way the world thinks about power, and the world will not go back to where it was.”
Other speakers included Paul Howard, a fellow Ballard founder; California Air Resources Board Chairman Alan Lloyd; ITS-Davis Board of Advisors chairwoman and former CARB chair Jananne Sharpless; Henry Wedaa, a former chair of the South Coast Air Quality Management District; and Neil Otto, retired president, Ballard Automotive.
The ITS-Davis FCV Center will hold three tutorials on FCV issues this fall and winter in Davis, Sacramento and Washington, D.C. For more information, see the Institute’s Coming Events web page at http://www.its.ucdavis.edu/events.html.
NEW GIFTS AND GRANTS FOR ITS-DAVIS
Support from foundations, industry, government and others is integral to ITS-Davis’ ongoing programs. We are pleased to acknowledge below the following grants made since February 2001.
Hypermini/CEV Market Research Pr
Fuel Cell Vehicle Modeling Program
ITS-DAVIS STAFF RECOGNIZED IN
COMMUNITY
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Joe Krovoza, ITS-Davis Director of Development,
recently received the Environmental Recognition Award from the City of Davis.
Krovoza was honored for his volunteer work on the board of the Putah Creek
Council, and in particular, for his involvement in negotiations to secure
greater flows for Davis’ local creek. The city also acknowledged his work for
ITS-Davis and his family’s commitment to energy conservation by installing a
2kw photovoltaic system that generates over 80 percent of their home’s
electricity. |
EXTRA! READ ALL ABOUT
IT: ITS-Davis/UC Davis Faculty and Researchers Quoted in the News
Dan Sperling, on Voice of America News Now, on Greenhouse Gas
Strategies for Transportation Sectors of Developing countries, the two
recently released studies funded by the Pew Global Climate Change
Initiative, August 15 and 16; and on Environmental News Network,
August 7
Marshall Miller in Davis Enterprise on plans to test hydrogen/CNG
hybrid and hydrogen fuel cell buses in Davis, August 14
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